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Modelling risk of malaria in longitudinal studies is common, because individuals are at risk for repeated infections over time. Malaria infections result in acquired immunity to clinical malaria disease. Prospective cohorts are an...
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Modelling risk of malaria in longitudinal studies is common, because individuals are at risk for repeated infections over time. Malaria infections result in acquired immunity to clinical malaria disease. Prospective cohorts are an ideal design to relate the historical exposure to infection and development of clinical malaria over time, and analysis methods should consider the longitudinal nature of the data. Models must take into account the acquisition of immunity to disease that increases with each infection and the heterogeneous exposure to bites from infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Methods that fail to capture these important factors in malaria risk will not accurately model risk of malaria infection or disease. Statistical methods applied to prospective cohort studies of clinical malaria or Plasmodium falciparum infection and disease were reviewed to assess trends in usage of the appropriate statistical methods. The study was designed to test the hypothesis that studies often fail to use appropriate statistical methods but that this would improve with the recent increase in accessibility to and expertise in longitudinal data analysis. Of 197 articles reviewed, the most commonly reported methods included contingency tables which comprised Pearson Chi-square, Fisher exact and McNemar’s tests (n?=?102, 51.8%), Student’s t-tests (n?=?82, 41.6%), followed by Cox models (n?=?62, 31.5%) and Kaplan–Meier estimators (n?=?59, 30.0%). The longitudinal analysis methods generalized estimating equations and mixed-effects models were reported in 41 (20.8%) and 24 (12.2%) articles, respectively, and increased in use over time. A positive trend in choice of more appropriate analytical methods was identified over time. Despite similar study designs across the reports, the statistical methods varied substantially and often represented overly simplistic models of risk. The results underscore the need for more effort to be channelled towards adopting standardized longitudinal methods to analyse prospective cohort studies of malaria infection and disease.
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This paper utilizes data from a series of seven regional input-output models for Washington State to document labor productivity change from 1963 through 2002. The paper documents broad contours of structural change in the Washing...
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This paper utilizes data from a series of seven regional input-output models for Washington State to document labor productivity change from 1963 through 2002. The paper documents broad contours of structural change in the Washington State economy, and changes in the level of labor needed to deliver a constant level of final demand, given changes in interindustry structure and labor requirements. The paper also decomposes changes in the level of labor demand due to productivity change, technical input-output relations, and changes in final demand. Service industries are found to be prominent sources of labor productivity improvement.
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ObjectiveS The objective of this study was to clarify the influence of shift work on total cholesterol levels in serum in male Japanese workers. Methods Pooled logistic regression analyses were applied in this 14-year cohort study...
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ObjectiveS The objective of this study was to clarify the influence of shift work on total cholesterol levels in serum in male Japanese workers. Methods Pooled logistic regression analyses were applied in this 14-year cohort study of 5510 male workers in a steel company. In examining how the adjustments influenced the results, the effect of shift work on the onset of hypercholesterolemia (≥ 220 mg/dl, 5.7 mmol/1) was calculated by adjusting only for age (step 1), for age and lifestyle factors (drinking habit, smoking habit, habitual exercise) (step 2), for age, body mass index (BMI), and the laboratory data [creatinine, glycosylated hemoglobin Alc (HbAlc), aspartic aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP), uric acid] (step 3), and for age, BMI, lifestyle factors, and the laboratory data (step 4). Results The odds ratio (OR) for shift work with respect to the onset of hypercholesterolemia was significant in step 4 [OR 1.10, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.00-1.21, P-value 0.048], whereas the corresponding odds ratios in steps 1, 2, and 3 were not significant. In step 4, the other significant covariates were age (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.02), BMI (OR 1.07,95% CI 1.05-1.09), HbAlc (OR 1.07,95% CI 1.02-1.11), γ-GTP (OR 1.03,95% CI 1.02-1.04) and alcohol consumption (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81-0.99). Conclusions In the present study, shift work was shown to be a potential risk factor for hypercholesterolemia among male Japanese workers. However, no consistent association was found between shift work and hypercholesterolemia in the hierarchical evaluation of the statistical model. The present study could not provide well-established evidence for a relationship between shift work and hypercholesterolemia.
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The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH), also known as Women's Health Australia, has its history in the women's movement of the 1980s. At that time, activists successfully pressured governments in Australia, at...
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The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH), also known as Women's Health Australia, has its history in the women's movement of the 1980s. At that time, activists successfully pressured governments in Australia, at both the State and Federal levels, to develop women's health policies. Part of the development process of the National Women's Health Policy, which was launched in 1989, involved a national consultation with women's organizations representing more than a million women.1 From this consultation the idea of a national longitudinal study on women's health emerged. As with the National Policy generally, the longitudinal study was to be premised on a social rather than a narrowly focused medical approach to health. The study was envisaged as a strategy to enable women to gain greater power over shaping the nature of health care. This was given impetus by studies at the time showing that it was not major medical conditions that were of most concern to most women. Studies asking women to rate their main health concerns found these concerns to be tiredness, menstrual difficulties, overweight, depression, and anxiety.
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Excess risk of suicide has been reported among workers in agriculture, fishery, forestry and hunting (AFFH). However, there is still uncertainty in the quantification of the risk and in the contribution of work-related factors. We...
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Excess risk of suicide has been reported among workers in agriculture, fishery, forestry and hunting (AFFH). However, there is still uncertainty in the quantification of the risk and in the contribution of work-related factors. We aimed to quantify the suicide mortality risk among these workers in Italy.We carried out a historical cohort study based on record linkage between the 2011 Italian census and the mortality archives for years 2012–2017. The mortality rate ratio (MRR) was used as a measure of risk. MRR was estimated through quasi-Poisson regression models using workers in other sectors as reference category. Models were adjusted for age, citizenship, marital status, area of residence, education, employment status and hours worked per week.The cohort included 1?004?655 workers employed in the AFFH sector and 15?269?181 workers in other sectors. During the 6-year follow-up, 559 deaths from suicide (500 men and 59 women) occurred among AFFH workers and 5917 (4935 men and 982 women) among workers in other sectors. The MRR for suicide was 1.36 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.55) among men and 1.18 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.60) among women. The excess risk was remarkably high for casual and fixed-term contract workers (3.01, 95%?CI 1.50 to 6.04).Male workers in AFFH are at high risk of suicide mortality, and casual and fixed-term contract workers are at exceedingly high risk. Our study also suggests a higher risk among single, highly educated and long-hours workers. Female workers in AFFH do not have an appreciably increased risk.
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Background: To examine if major life changes over a 4-year period among 34- to 49-year-old adults (mean = 41.8, SD = 5.0) were associated with a change in physical activity in men (37.7%) and women (62.3%). Methods: Daily steps an...
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Background: To examine if major life changes over a 4-year period among 34- to 49-year-old adults (mean = 41.8, SD = 5.0) were associated with a change in physical activity in men (37.7%) and women (62.3%). Methods: Daily steps and aerobic steps (steps that lasted for at least 10 min without interruption at a pace of >60 steps/min) were collected from 1051 participants in 2007 and 2011. Changes in marital status, work status, and residence and the birth of a child were determined from both time points. A latent change score model was used to examine mean changes in daily total steps, aerobic steps, and nonaerobic steps (total steps minus aerobic steps). Results: Women who had a first child in the 4-year period had a decrease in their nonaerobic steps (P = .001). Men who divorced in the 4-year period had a decrease in their nonaerobic steps (P = .020), whereas women who recoupled decreased their total steps (P = .030). Conclusions: Counseling for parents having a first child on how to increase physical activity in their everyday life could potentially have an influence on an individual's physical activity.
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Purpose: It is well established that empirically supported treatments reduce depressive symptoms for most adolescents; however, it is not yet known whether these interventions lead to sustained improvements in global functioning. ...
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Purpose: It is well established that empirically supported treatments reduce depressive symptoms for most adolescents; however, it is not yet known whether these interventions lead to sustained improvements in global functioning. The goal of this study is to assess the clinical characteristics and trajectories of long-term psychosocial functioning among emerging adults who have experienced adolescent-onset major depressive disorder.
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Rett syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder usually affecting females, and is associated with a mutation in the MECP2 gene. Sleep problems occur commonly and we investigated the trajectories and influences of age, mutation...
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Rett syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder usually affecting females, and is associated with a mutation in the MECP2 gene. Sleep problems occur commonly and we investigated the trajectories and influences of age, mutation and treatments. Data were collected at six time points over 12years from 320 families registered with the Australian Rett Syndrome Database. Regression analysis was used to investigate relationships between sleep disturbances, age, mutation type and use of treatment, and latent class growth analysis was performed to identify sleep problem phenotypes and model the effect of mutation type. The age range of subjects was 2.0-35.8years. The study showed that sleep problems occurred in more than 80% of individuals and the prevalence decreased with age. Night laughing and night screaming occurred in 77 and 49%, respectively, when younger. Those with a large deletion had a higher prevalence of night laughing, which often occurred frequently. Treatment was associated with a 1.7% reduction in risk of further sleep problems. High and low baseline prevalence groups were identified. Approximately three-quarters of girls and women with sleep disturbances were in the high baseline group and problems persisted into adulthood. Conversely, 57% with night laughing and 42% with night screaming in the high baseline group exhibited mild improvement over time. Mutation type was not found to be a significant predictor of group membership. In conclusion, the evolution of sleep problems differed between subgroups of girls and women with Rett syndrome, in part explained by age and genotype. Treatment was not associated with improvement in sleep problems.
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